Daoist colour breathing as a source for intelligence development

May 2nd, 2005

Daoism, Qigong and Chinese medicine share many cultural similarities, primarily because they are all indigenous Chinese phenomena in the way they present themselves. In their essence they represent visions of humanity about nature, themselves, divinity, time and space that find expression in their own typical ways belonging to their specific cultural niche. Although in their current Avatar they now all are rapidly disseminated over the globe, there are still many aspects of these unknown to the people interested in these cultural phenomena, and typical Chinese. Some aspects are even in China either uncommon knowledge, or near to extinction due to cultural change.
I do not wish to suggest that as an author I have the wisdom or capacity to express these ideas in their only and correct way. As a Western representative of the methodologies that these Daoism, Qigong and Chinese medicine use to make you become part of their cultural reality, I in a way remain a critical bystander, a foreigner, an interpreter and a translator no matter how hard I study and practice. Typical for my approach is though that I assume that experience is something resulting primarily from hardwiring, and not from cultural programming alone. I mean with this that the form of our bodies in what they are and could be does make a difference. The precise adaptation to our potential might be of greater importance then most modern biologist or psychologist would acknowledge, even though neurology suggests similar prognosis, reducing importance more to the brain alone though. As such I think I’d like to see our body as one big brain, an image confirmed by a diversity of scientist over the last century . Modern biology based behaviourist sciences state that every level of human performance is regulated by body chemistry. That is to say that everything you do and everything that you are is a result of your body producing chemicals. Although this view is not scientific because it should be restated then into the observation that behaviour is paralleled by chemical processes within the body and there might be a relation. Fact is that it seems that our body chemistry is regulated by countless numbers of chemical producing organs and glands in our body. Our brain, through our nerve system, controls, coordinates and regulates our organs and glands to produce your body chemistry at the right time and place, made in just the right quantity and quality. Or is it so that body thinking is orchestrating processes happening in our nerves and brain? I do not know if we can be sure.
Another fact is that alteration in body chemistry results in a lessening or improvement of performance of possibly all bodily functions: i.e. adapting to toxins in the environment; physical coordination at work and for sports; digesting and converting food; breathing; resisting and recovering from disease; maintaining emotional balance; handling stress; even creating music, art, literature, poetry and dance; learning, thinking clearly, concentrating and remembering; laughing, crying, communicating, loving, sleeping, conceiving and bearing children; making decisions; forgetting ….in short, everything we do and are is paralleled by the shifting in chemical productions, chance and depositing.
Body chemistry eventually ends up in intra personal chemistry: how do you relate with others, how do others relate to you? What elements are of influence on that?
The importance of so called ‘personal chemistry’ in intra human relations and social success can not be over estimated. Among the ingredients of personal chemistry are
appearance, personality, style, articulatedness, energy radiation, attitude, thoughtfulness, composure, sparkle, breadth of interest, and an aura of leadership.
Personal chemistry can to an extend be developed by means of behavioural therapy or conditioning, by adjusting our clothing style, intonation in speech, suntan or augmentation in the form of implants or extractions, but nothing replaces just being a right fit in the right place at the right time, in short: when all falls in place as by miracle, and all seems fully natural and there’s no questions asked.
Most people get messed up because of the style of living they have, the kind of thoughts they have and the information they get filled with through reading, amusement and other forms of entertainment that feed our need to guard what we call our free time. Free time is a value judgement that seems to mean ‘i can do whatever i want even when it is harmfull.’ And yes, that is true, but in that sense all your time is free time and all time is preparing for the moment when something tries to force our hands. Every moment of our life is therefore preparation time for the next moment. We need to be prepared: mentally, emotionally and physically. To be prepared it means we have to learn to see life as a practice. We do not live life, we do life!
Practice fine-tunes our body’s capacity to be an intelligent creature and our brain and formal ways of thinking (that Wu describes as Western but can as well be found in Chinese thinking or elsewhere on the planet) will fold naturally into the needs of that body. Practice is a form of programming. Programming in our parental culture is relatively easy since I am surrounded by examples of what my culture intends. As a member of one culture learning something from another culture is harder, because it does not become so easily hardwired into our social or biological functioning. More effort is needed, since things have to be rewritten, but also, that is maybe positive: I stand in a more critical relationship with what I try to make mine and am therefore more conscious about that what I try to make mine, I can have more complex thoughts about it. So to come back to my original line of reasoning: if I program correctly I should have had similar experiences as other practitioners that were fully raised within the respective tradition that is under discussion in this text. Difference will come from interpretation resulting from the mixed background I have. This is the anthropological attitude: partake in a culture to come to an understanding of that culture and make known what is useful of that culture to an audience, scientific and or popular. Partaking cannot take place on the basis of ones own preconceptions of how things should be. It should offcourse take place on the surrendering of oneself to the preconceptions of the culture you are going to enter.
The colour breathing method of Shangxing Daojiao and related techniques from a variety of ancient and not so ancient sources are within the context of this study to be seen as a technique leading to the positioning of the practitioner into the hierarchical spheres of the Daoist pantheon. The Daoist pantheon is a real or imaginary space where ideas, concepts, goals, space and time merge into some sort of psychosomatic nexus serving to empower the practitioner into personal development.
The prime practice one has to develop in these techniques is communication. But for communications one needs communication objects, subjects and methods. Method relates to the space in where one communicates. That space is not necessarily a physical space, but a space of ideas, expectations, plans and so on.
Commonly we practice communication with other human beings, with institutions, with animals and sometimes with the divine. From the last one we usually do not expect an answer, but visibly in life a change for the better as a token of appreciation that we talk to that divine. So we entrust our faith in the divine which is repaid and answered to by way of reward. In the west we are not unfamiliar with the idea that messages between people get distorted. As children we used to play games in classrooms to show this in the form of passing a sentence through a line of people and see what would be the end result. Some people became so fascinated by that disruption that much time is being put into research in how the human brain and personality receive information and how it gets distorted. The Original Daoist answer from both Confucianism and Daoism is lack of proper agreements on what meaning belongs to what concepts. Daoism even went a bit further by stating that we miss meaning of things by not being close enough or not embedded enough into nature to comprehend meaning without having to listen. The solution for this problem was developed within ritual and meditation. Qigong as a technique stems from the idea that we need to develop sensitivity and strength to follow nature in the way best suiting to nature. After all, Laozi clearly showed that nature treats us like strawdogs, dolls that have no real value. It is hard for a human being to become strong enough to make nature do as we want. To save ourselves we have to adjust to the methods of nature and then we can survive; endlessly if wished for, and properly managed.
By understanding nature (Tiandao) we come to an understanding of ourselves. But also the other way around: by understanding ourselves we come to understand nature. The idea of ourselves is here identical with our destiny and the way we function. Tianming and Woming can here be equalled in ideal circumstances. Tianming is here the destiny given by sky, the divine principle and Woming the destiny created by ourselves.
For further reading and information about study and practice contact www.orientalcollege.org or info@orientalcollege.org.

Toelichting TCM beroepssectoren Oriental College

November 16th, 2004

Chinese geneeskunde is de oudste en meest succesvolle vorm van geneeskunde op deze wereld en heeft een aantal verschillende instrumenten tot zijn beschikking, elk met hun eigen methodologie. Het Oriental College leidt op tot Chinees Geneeskundige in één of meer specialisaties, echter met als gemeenschappelijk kenmerk dat de geneeskundige methode gebaseerd is op cultivering van Qi en persoon in de therapeut.
Chinese geneeskunde is in principe gebaseerd op het idee dat gezondheid primair aangestuurd wordt door onze manier van leven . Verkeerde patronen in houding, beweging, denken en voelen creëren spanningen in het lichaam waarmee het natuurlijk functioneren belemmerd wordt. Klachten/ziekten (soms pas veel later aan de oppervlakte komend) op het fysieke, mentale, emotionele en sociale vlak zijn het gevolg. Kennis over hoe dit te corrigeren ontwikkelt de student aan het Oriental College middels TCM medische theorie en wat men door middel van Qigong leert ter verificatie van die theorie. Voorts leert de beoefenaar actief controle te nemen over de Qi van zichzelf en haar/zijn client. Men gebruikt hiervoor geen primair mechanische technieken of geloof, maar wilskracht om de Qi te sturen.
Chinese Fysiotherapeutische Massage (Tuina) is er voor het herstellen van stress en spanningen en om spieren en huid te helpen onderhouden, maar ook voor revalidatie van gewrichten en spieren na ongeval of na bijvoorbeeld verkeerd sporten. Bij nog iets zwaardere klachten voor lichaam en/of geest wordt acupunctuur gebruikt om de Qi ( = functie informatie) en bloed (functie drager) stromen te corrigeren en gevoel, denken, organen, spieren en gewrichten vrij te maken en versterken. Als laatste gebruikt Traditionele Chinese Geneeskunde kruiden wanneer het lichaam niet in staat is om met behulp van bovenstaande middelen tot gezondheid te komen . Daoïstische Counseling is een hulpmiddel voor de geest om te komen tot houding en karakter verandering wanneer gedrag leid tot problemen. Dit kan naast elke andere vorm van therapie gebruikt worden.

Qigong als medische discipline richt zich op analyse en werkzaam maken van het gezondheidspotentieel. Net als alle andere Chinese geneeswijzen houdt het zich primair bezig met sturen/beïnvloeden van qi (functie-informatie).
De Qigongtherapeut heeft door jarenlange intensieve training en opleiding ervarings-inzicht en beheersing van qi en is daarmee in staat om de qi van de patiënt/cliënt te manipuleren. Qigongtherapie werkt daarmee volgens de traditionele vereisten van de Chinese geneeskunde (dit in tegenstelling tot de westerse TCM en meer esoterische geneeswijzen, waaronder men ook de “nieuwe” qigongmethodes moet rangschikken).
In Qigongtherapie werkt men primair door middel van preventieve geneeskunde,maar ook d.m.v curatieve therapie. Hiervoor staan concrete hulpmiddelen beschikbaar, die tegenwoordig onder eigen titel een discipline vormen.

Chinese fysiotherapeutische Tuina massage helpt het lichaam herstellen na trauma, of ontspannen bij stress. Manipulatie van spieren, pezen, huid, vetlagen, gewrichten en gevoel tijdens het massage proces helpen het lichaam te herstellen. Massage kan ontspannend en vitaliserend zijn. Het verschil met westerse fysiotherapeutische massage is gelegen in het lichaam als geheel zien, maar ook in de manier van aandacht geven van de Tuina masseur. Een gemiddelde Tuina masseur masseert mechanisch of technisch. U bent daardoor een object en geen mens. Een goede Tuina masseur is eerst via Qigong getraind om tot begrip van het lichaam en kanalenstelsel te komen en dan pas fysiotherapeut. Omdat binnen het Oriental College een Tuina therapeut in zijn tweejarige BA programma eerst zijn of haar eigen lichaam en Qi heeft ontwikkeld begrijpt zij of hij diepgaander hoe een lichaam werkt en hersteld kan worden.

Zhangfu orgaan stimulerende massage is een unieke massage vorm die in Europa alleen in Yin Yang Centra’s gegeven word door speciaal daarvoor 4 jaar lang opgeleide Qigong masseurs. In Chinese geneeskunde ziet men de organen (Zhangfu) als drijvende krachten achter ons lichamelijk en geestelijk functioneren. Structuur (Yin en Yang) en functies (Qi) van organen kunnen door de interactie van de Qi-masseur en de cliënt geleidelijk aan versterkt worden. Hierdoor kan in veel gevallen verbetering gebracht worden bij chronische klachten waar de organen bij betrokken zijn. Ook wordt de darmbeweging en spijsvertering versterkt wat resulteert in een revitalisatie. Zhangfu massage is op zichzelf geen geneesmiddel, maar wordt wel succesvol toegepast als hulpmiddel bij behandeling of als kuurmiddel in revalidatie of bij stress.

Acupunctuur is een 2500 jaar oude techniek om richting te geven aan de emotionele, mentale, elektrische, neurologische en chemische processen van ons lichaam. Door middel van het stimuleren van kanalen waardoor `Qi’ ( = functie informatie) en/of bloed stroomt worden de organen aangestuurd en sturen de organen het lichaam aan. Een gemiddelde Acupuncturist gebruikt stroom of mechanische stimulans van naalden. Een traditionele Acupuncturist gebruikt zijn of haar wil in samenspraak met die van de cliënt om problemen procesmatig op te lossen. Een Acupuncturist was traditioneel eerst Qigong meester en dan pas Acupuncturist. Aan het oriental College geven we een vergelijkbare training dankzij het voorafgaande 2 jarige BA programma en een voortraining in Tuina.

Chinese kruiden Therapie is een ondersteunende therapie bij ernstige klachten. Kruiden vervangen zelden behandeling met acupunctuur of massage. Kruiden worden daarom als laatste redmiddel gebruikt omdat het lichaam bij elke vorm van additieve medicatie de vrijheid ontnomen wordt zelf bij te dragen aan het genezingsproces. Chinese kruiden werken net als chemische medicijnen op een autoritaire manier, dwz dat het lichaam de vrijheid wordt ontnomen om zichzelf te genezen of om ziek te zijn.
Chinese kruiden werken als voedingssupplement of als politie agent voor de Qi ( = functie informatie) en bloedstromen in uw lichaam. Hierdoor kan het een zeer goed effect hebben, maar ook soms net teveel zijn. Kruiden therapie wordt effectiever door het te combineren met Qigong oefentherapie. Duur van een behandelkuur is daardoor vaak korter. In het OC Yin Yang Centrum werken we vooral met losse kruiden en kleine kruiden combinaties om gezondheid en veiligheid van de client te waarborgen. Teveel kruiden in één recept geeft ongewilde bijwerkingen. De door ons gehanteerde combinatie van Qigong beoefenaar en kruidenarts is van oudsher eveneens een voorwaarde voor goede therapie.

Daoistische Counseling is een structurerende gespreksvorm, waarbij eerst een analyse wordt gemaakt aan de hand van een interview, dat dient om een beeld te scheppen van wat de cliënt bezig houdt en wat de probleem gebieden zijn. Een algemene TCM diagnose is het uitgangspunt, maar wordt gemengd met psychosomatische technieken uit het Daoïsme. Vervolgens gaan we op zoek naar oplossingen aan de hand van gesprekken, meditaties, oefeningen of andere middelen om een sociaal en emotioneel herstel van het functioneren te bewerkstelligen. Bij sterke emotionele invloeden kan daarnaast ook naar Acupunctuur of massage gegrepen worden om kalmte en zelfvertrouwen te helpen ontwikkelen.

i) Huangdi Neijing Sunwen hoofdstuk 1
ii) Bronnen: Gehong: Baobuzi Waipian, Paul Unschuld: Chinese medicine ethics

TCM professions at the Oriental College: explanatory remarks

November 16th, 2004

TCM professions at the Oriental College: explanatory remarks

Chinese medicine is the oldest and most successful form of medicine in our world. It has various instruments at its disposal, each with its own methodology. The Oriental College trains students to be Chinese medical practitioners in one or more specialisations, with as shared characteristic that the healing method is based on the cultivation of Qi and the person in the therapist.
Chinese medicine is based principally on the idea that health is a result of our way of life.i Unhealthy patterns in posture, moving, thinking and feeling create tensions in the body, whereby its natural functions get obstructed. Complaints/illnesses (sometimes surfacing only after a long time) on the physical, mental, emotional and social levels result from this. The student at the Oriental College develops knowledge on how to correct this by means of TCM medical theory and by verifying theory with the practice of Qigong. The practitioner also learns to take active control over his/her Qi and that of his/her client. No primary mechanical techniques or beliefs are used for this: the practitioner uses his/her will power to guide the Qi.

Chinese Physiotherapeutic Massage (Tuna) is used for the recovery from stress and tensions and to help maintain muscles and skin, as well as for revalidation of joints and muscles after an accident or for example as a result of practicing sport the wrong way. For more serious complaints, physical and/or mental, Acupuncture is used to correct the Qi (= function information) and blood (function carrier) streams and to release and strengthen feeling, thinking, organs, muscles and joints. As a final option Traditional Chinese Medicine herbs are used when the body is unable to heal itself with the above-mentioned means.ii Daoistic Counseling is an aid to help the mind find the right approach to change attitude and character when behaviour gives rise to problems. This can be used simultaneously with the other therapy forms.

Qigong as medical discipline concentrates on analysing and stimulating one’s health potential. As with all other Chinese healing it is based primarily on steering the qi (function information). The Qigong therapist has through years of intensive training and study built up empirical insight and control of qi and is thereby able to manipulate the patient/client’s qi. Qigong therapy is thus applied according to the traditional requirements of Chinese medicine (in contrast to Western TCM and more esoteric healing methods to which the “new” qigong methods can be added). Qigong therapy principally works as preventive medicine, but also through curative therapy. For this there are specific aids available, each of which currently forms its own discipline.

Chinese physiotherapeutic Tuina massage helps the body recover from trauma or helps relax stress. Manipulation of muscles, tendons, skin, the fat layers, joints, and feeling during the massage process helps the body recover. Massage can be relaxing and vitalising. The contrast with Western physiotherapeutic massage is found in seeing the body as whole, as well as in the kind of attention given by the Tuina masseur. The contrast between an average and a good Tuina masseur, is that an average masseur will massage in a mechanical or technical way, thus treating the client as an object rather than as a person, whereas the good Tuina masseur has first been trained via Qigong practices in the understanding of the body and channel system and then only as physiotherapist. At the Oriental College, a Tuina therapist has first developed his/her Qi in the two-year BA program, and thus is able to understand more thoroughly how the body functions and heals.

Zhangfu organ-stimulating massage is a unique massage form available in Europe only in the Yin Yang Centres and given by masseurs trained for at least four years in Qigong. Chinese medicine sees the organs (Zhangfu) as central pivots of our physical and mental functioning. Structure (Yin and Yang) and functions (Qi) of organs can be gradually strengthened by the interaction of the Qi masseur and client. This leads in many cases to improvement of chronic complaints that involve the organs. The bowel movement and digestion is strengthened as well, leading to revitalisation. Zhangfu massage is not a medication as such, but it is successfully applied as an aid in treatment or as a course for revalidation or the relief of stress.

Acupuncture is a 2500-year-old technique that can influence the emotional, mental, electric, neurological and chemical processes of our body. By stimulating channels in which ‘Qi’ (= function information) and/or blood flow, the organs are directed, and the body is directed by the organs. An Acupuncturist of average capability uses current, or mechanical stimulation of needles. A traditional Acupuncturist uses his/her will in conjunction with that of the client to solve problems step by step. Traditionally, an Acupuncturist was first Qigong master and then only Acupuncturist. The Oriental College gives this kind of training by means of the preliminary two-year BA program and Tuina massage.

Chinese herbal therapy is a supportive therapy for severe complaints. Herbs rarely replace acupuncture or massage as therapy. Herbs are thus used as last resort, because every kind of additive medication takes away the body’s freedom to contribute to the healing process. Chinese herbs, like chemical medicine, function in an authoritative way, i.e. the body’s will in health or sickness is bypassed. Chinese herbs function as food supplement or as ‘police agents’ for the Qi (= function information) and blood flow in the body. This gives good results but also sometimes is just ‘too much’. Herbal therapy becomes more effective by combining it with Qigong practice. Duration of a therapy course is thus shortened. The OC Yin Yang Centre works principally with single herbs and small herbal combinations in order to ensure the health and safety of the client. Too many herbs in one prescription gives unintended side-effects. Our training combination of Qigong practitioner and herbal doctor is traditionally preconditional to good therapy.

Daoistic Counseling is a structural form of dialogue: an analysis is formed in the first interview that will give an idea of what the client is concerned about and what the problem areas are. A general TCM diagnosis is the starting point, but it also contains psychosomatic techniques from Daoism. Solutions are then sought with the aid of talks, meditations, exercises or other means which will ensure a social and emotional recovery. If there are strong emotional influences, Acupuncture or massage can also be used to help develop calmness and confidence.
________________
i)Huangdi Neijing Sunwen Chapter 1
ii) Sources: Gehong: Baobuzi Waipian, Paul Unschuld: Chinese medicine ethics

Manual for Taijiquan and Qigong practitioners

September 9th, 2004

Title: Manual for Taijiquan and Qigong practitioners
Author: René Goris, educator and practitioner of Integrated Chinese Medicine
Article Licence: This article is protected
Status: You can read

Preview of forthcoming:

‘Manual for Taijiquan and Qigong practitioners”

1) Taijiquan and Qigong popularity (full text)
2) 1st Pointers for research of Qigong and Taijiquan (exerpt)
3) False and true promises of Taijiquan and Qigong, (exerpt)
4) Similarities and differences between Taijiquan and Qigong (exerpt)
5) Benefits of practicing Taijiquan (exerpt)
6) Benefits of practicing qigong (exerpt)
7) False claims about Qigong and Taijiquan (exerpt)
8) What you should know about masters, teachers and instructors (exerpt)
9) Taijiquan and Qigong clothing (exerpt)
10) Qigong and Taijiquan music (exerpt)

Other subjects:
- Qigong, Taijiquan and religiosity
- Developments and trends in Qigong, Taijiquan and Chinese medicine education
- Qigong, medicine and psychiatry
- Styles of practice
- Introducing Zhong Wujigong II: practice and traditional cosmological weaving of truth

Read more Read more

(note: a new window will be opened up)

Copyrights © 2004 International Oriental College Press™
Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All Right Reserved.

Begin your practice here!

September 9th, 2004

Title: Begin your practice here!
Author: René Goris, educator and practitioner of Integrated Chinese Medicine
Article Licence: This article is protected
Status: You can read

There is nothing better to get a feel for what you want to study then practicing an exercise to illustrate ideas, therefore we have here selected two foundational practices that you cannot do without. For practice time select what you want to do with it:
- For recreative practice: as long as it feels comfortable
- For enhancing health: until you feel better or beyond where it feels comfortable
- For becoming a teacher: for three months four hours per day minimum

Disclaimer: if you practice without proper guidance the risks are all to yourself.

Standing practice for Qigong: Dantian Meditation

1. For weak and elderly people stand hip wide and your feet parallel as if they rest on rails. Your legs can be straight or a little bent as you feel fit. The young and healthy should stand two to three times shoulder wide and with the feet 45-60 degrees outward. Stand sunken through the knees till at least half way. During the exercise do not stretch your legs. Feel how your body weight flows inward and downward through your body. Lift up your spinal column to maintain verticality. Do not pull yourself up on your crown to avoid disembodied experiences, to prevent headaches and light-headedness. Only pull yourself up on your crown when you are suffering liver depression or want to acquire manic disorders.

Read more Read more

(note: a new window will be opened up)

Copyrights © 2004 International Oriental College Press™
Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All Right Reserved.

Advisory Guide to TCM Education

September 9th, 2004

IOC TCM recommendations:
ADVISORY GUIDE TO TCM EDUCATION.
Modernized Traditional Chinese Medical Workers Training and
Education independent from Political and Economical Motivations

Author: René Goris, educator and practitioner of Integrated Chinese Medicine, Amsterdam, 2004-08-27
Article Licence: This article is protected
Status: You can read

Introduction:

The following is a short compilation of ideas coming forth from our experience with Chinese medicine education and praxis. It should be realized that Chinese medicine is a fremd-culture in the west that tries to find itself a place within the modern scientific medical establishment. As such it can be seen as a self evolving organism comparable with the self evolving organism of biomedicine or scientific medicine. They are organisms but each evolving within a different set of paradigmas about life, health, disease, humanity, gender and mind.

Read more Read more

(note: a new window will be opened up)

Copyrights © 2004 International Oriental College Press™
Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All Right Reserved.

Critical Word and Concept Dictionary TCM

August 21st, 2004

Critical Word and Concept Dictionary of Taijiquan, Qigong, Chinese Medicine & Psychology, and Daoism as relevant for Medicine Studies, journalist articles, Multimedia publications and so on.

Author: René Goris MA

This is a reference work, please with citation remember to mention source!

Oriental College Word and Concept dictionary for study purposes.
This dictionary is a work in progress and will be regularly updated.
Suggestions for concepts or word that should be added are welcome at http://orientalcollege.org/contact.htm

Article Licence: This article is protected
Status: You can read

Read more Read more

(note: a new window will be opened up)

Copyrights © 2004 International Oriental College Press™
Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All Right Reserved.

Spirituality, Qigong and Traditional Chinese Medicine, the myths of its relations

August 20th, 2004

Written By René Goris, educator and practitioner of Integrated Chinese Medicine.
Article Licence: This article is protected
Status: You can read

Outline:

1. Introduction
2. About the relationship between Chinese culture and western culture
3. Chinese medicine introduction
4. About the shape and concepts of Chinese medicine in the west
5. Developments
6. About the relationship science, alchemy and medicine
7. Infiltration of fremdculture
8. About who is influencing who
9. Conclusion
10. More about falsification

Read More Read more

(note: a new window will be opened up)

Copyrights © 2004 International Oriental College Press™
Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All Right Reserved.